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History of Ireland (400–800)
The early medieval history of Ireland, often called Early Christian Ireland, spans the 5th to 8th centuries, from the gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period (Ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish, mentions in Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the Viking Age. The period notably includes the Hiberno-Scottish mission of Christianized Ireland to pagan Great Britain and Europe.
==Overview==
At the start of the period Ireland had emerged from a mysterious decline that archaeological evidence suggests had hit population levels and standards of living from c. 100 BC to c. 300 AD, called the Irish Dark Age by Thomas Charles-Edwards. The population was entirely rural and dispersed, with small ringforts the largest centres of human occupation. Some 40,000 of these are known, while there may have been as many as 50,000, and "archaeologists are agreed that the vast bulk of them are the farm enclosures of the well-to-do of early medieval Ireland". Souterrains, underground passages and chambers for hiding in or escaping through, are common.〔Ó Cróinín, 237–249, 550 (quoted) to 553〕 It is likely that raiding Britain for slaves and other loot gave an important boost to an otherwise almost entirely agricultural economy. The lakeside enclosures called crannogs continued to be used and seem especially associated with crafts.〔Ó Cróinín, 257–259〕
The older view that early medieval Irish farming concentrated on livestock has been overturned by pollen studies and other evidence, and it is now clear that cereal farming was increasingly important from about 200 AD onwards, with barley and oats more important crops than rye, wheat and others.〔Ó Cróinín, 264–265, 559–563〕 However cattle were greatly prized, and cattle-raiding constituted a large part of warfare, so that cattle needed the constant presence of a herdsman in daylight hours, and were put in an enclosure at night. By the end of the period the largest herds were probably those of monasteries. However, generally mild Irish winters seem to have meant they were never put in roofed shelters in winter, although young calves might spend a period in the house.〔Ó Cróinín, 549〕 There was very considerable clearance of forests in the early part of the period, such that by 800 large tracts of forest appear to have been rare, and the native Scots Pine cleared almost to extinction; the large areas of bogland were harder for the medieval Irish to affect.〔Ó Cróinín, 568–573〕
By 800 small towns had started to form around some of the larger monasteries, such as Trim and Lismore, and some kings were based in them, but the foundation of larger towns by the Vikings had yet to occur. Otherwise kings lived in ringforts larger than the norm, but generally similar; however the possession of luxury objects such as elaborate Gaelic brooches was much greater among royalty.〔Ó Cróinín, 550–553〕 The latter part of the period was the peak of the Irish contribution to Insular art, whose surviving products include illuminated manuscripts, most famously the Book of Kells, brooches, which were worn by clergy as well nobles, carved stone high crosses, and other isolated survivals of metalwork, such as the Derrynaflan Hoard and Ardagh Hoard.
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